As per global cancer statistics GLOBOCAN 2020, breast cancer is the number one diagnosed cancer among women across the globe. For the first time in GLOBOCAN 2020, statistics show breast cancer has become the most diagnosed cancer, leaving behind lung cancer in low- and middle-income countries. As per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020 incidence of breast cancer is 2 lakh (14.8%) of the total cancer burden. Further evidence of changing lifestyles due to urbanization and its influence on the incidence of breast cancer is increasing. Consequently, changing lifestyle factors are essential to consider when developing a strategy for breast cancer prevention and reducing the global burden of disease. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the incidence of breast cancer, coinciding with profound changes in the lifestyle of women in this urban setting.  India, amidst rapid urbanization, stands at the crossroads of progress and public health challenges. As cities burgeon and lifestyles evolve, the specter of breast cancer looms larger, casting a shadow over the health landscape of urban women. Delving into statistical evidence provides crucial insights into the complex interplay between urbanization and the escalating incidence of breast cancer among Indian women. By examining the statistical trends and referencing pertinent studies, we can unravel the multifaceted relationship between changing lifestyles due to urbanization and the burgeoning breast cancer burden in India.

Statistical Trends in India: Statistical data underscores the alarming rise in breast cancer incidence across urban cities in India. According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), breast cancer has surpassed cervical cancer to become the leading cancer among Indian women, with urban areas bearing a disproportionate burden. Studies have revealed a significant urban-rural divide, with urban regions reporting higher breast cancer incidence rates compared to rural counterparts. For instance, a study published in the Indian Journal of Medical Research found that metropolitan areas exhibited a 1.5 to 2-fold higher incidence of breast cancer than rural areas, highlighting the profound impact of urbanization on disease prevalence.

Sedentary Lifestyles and Obesity: Urbanization catalyzes the proliferation of sedentary lifestyles characterized by desk-bound occupations, dependence on motorized transport, and reduced physical activity opportunities. Coupled with the influx of changed dietary patterns dominated by processed foods and high-calorie diets, urban communities are increasingly predisposed to obesity and metabolic syndromes, potent risk factors for breast cancer. Statistical studies corroborate this association, with studies such as the India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative reporting a rising prevalence of obesity among urban women, particularly in metropolitan areas like Delhi and Mumbai. The confluence of sedentary behaviours and dietary shifts emphasizes the breast cancer risk landscape, necessitating targeted interventions to promote physical activity and healthy eating habits among urban populations.

Reproductive Trends: The urban milieu engenders transformative shifts in reproductive behaviors, with delayed childbearing, declining fertility rates, and reduced parity becoming more commonplace among Indian women. Studies have elucidated a positive correlation between delayed childbirth and increased breast cancer risk, attributing this association to prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogen and reduced duration of breastfeeding. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data corroborates these findings, revealing a declining trend in fertility rates and breastfeeding practices among urban women in India. Addressing the implications of altered reproductive patterns on breast cancer incidence necessitates comprehensive reproductive health education and family planning initiatives tailored to urban contexts.

Environmental Exposures: Urban environments in India are fraught with myriad environmental pollutants and carcinogens, ranging from vehicular emissions and industrial effluents to indoor air contaminants and pesticide residues. Studies have highlighted the role of environmental exposures in fuelling the breast cancer epidemic among urban women, with urban residents facing heightened risks due to chronic exposure to airborne pollutants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Research published in Environmental Health Perspectives has identified urban air pollution as a significant risk factor for breast cancer, emphasizing the urgent need for stringent regulatory measures and pollution control strategies to safeguard women’s health in urban India.

Conclusion: As India undergoes rapid urbanization, the escalating burden of breast cancer among urban women demands urgent attention and concerted action. By leveraging statistical evidence and referencing pertinent studies, we can elucidate the intricate nexus between changing lifestyles due to urbanization and the burgeoning breast cancer epidemic in India. Empowering women with knowledge, promoting healthy lifestyle choices, enhancing reproductive health awareness, and advocating for environmental stewardship are imperative to mitigate the adverse impact of urbanization on breast cancer incidence and foster a future of health equity for all women in India.

Authors Biography

Shilpi Bariar has worked as science administrator in University scientific Administration.Presently she is working as Grant Manager in School of Natural Sciences Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Delhi/NCR. 

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International Women’s Day 2024 carries the powerful theme of “Inspire Inclusion,” emphasising the overarching call to action to “Invest in Women: Accelerate Progress.” This theme underscores the significance of creating an inclusive society and empowering women. Amidst the celebrations, it is crucial to direct our attention to an often-neglected aspect—women’s health. As we delve into the importance of health for women, we unveil the challenges they face and the imperative for healthcare professionals to take the lead in fostering awareness and change.

The Health Imperative:

The famous Arabian proverb “He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything” resonates profoundly on International Women’s Day. Health is a fundamental aspect that transcends age, gender, and socioeconomic standards. Regrettably, despite its paramount importance, the health of women often takes a backseat in priorities.

Women and Health Disparities:

Studies consistently reveal that women encounter more health issues than men. The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights that in regions grappling with economic, societal, and cultural inequalities, women are more susceptible to significant health challenges. These issues not only impact their quality of life but also perpetuate a cycle of poverty and disease for women and their families.

The Role of Nurses:

Nurses, as frontline healthcare professionals, play a pivotal role in improving women’s health. By providing education, healthcare services, and raising awareness of key issues, they can contribute significantly to breaking the cycle of health disparities. It is essential for healthcare professionals to not only address existing health issues but also identify and address the root causes in the local healthcare practices.

Focus Areas in Women’s Health:

Maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality, reproductive health issues, sexually transmitted diseases, gender discrimination, lack of education, violence toward women, reproductive cancers, and restricted access to healthcare are among the common issues ailing women’s health. The prevention of reproductive cancers, particularly cervical cancer, emerges as a critical focus area due to its preventable nature.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs):

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a significant threat to women’s health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes contribute to a staggering number of premature deaths. Lifestyle factors such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, and alcohol consumption significantly contribute to NCDs, making them modifiable risk factors.

Authors Biography

Dr. Raminder Kalra Ph.D. in Nursing from IGNOU, with 38+ years of experience, serves as the Principal at Holy Family College of Nursing. Recognized with prestigious accolades like the President’s Gold Medal and RULA Ratna Research Award 2019. She is a distinguished examiner for nursing examinations across multiple universities. Dr. Kalra has authored papers in renowned journals and contributed to the book “Postgraduate Psychiatry.”

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